Learn more about featured topics of the Vietnam War and Vietnam Era. [95] Of the 27 million draft-age men between 1964 and 1973, 40% were drafted into military service, and only 10% were actually sent to Vietnam. Nick Turse, in his 2013 book, Kill Anything that Moves, argues that a relentless drive toward higher body counts, a widespread use of free-fire zones, rules of engagement where civilians who ran from soldiers or helicopters could be viewed as VC, and a widespread disdain for Vietnamese civilians led to massive civilian casualties and endemic war crimes inflicted by U.S. [11][12][13][14] It was difficult to distinguish between civilians and military personnel in many instances as many individuals were part-time guerrillas or impressed laborers who did not wear uniforms. Called the American War in Vietnam (or, in full, the War Against the Americans to Save the Nation), the war was also part of a larger regional conflict (see Indochina wars) and a manifestation of the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies. [52] According to a study conducted in 1968 by a Quaker-funded Vietnamese-speaking American couple, Diane and Michael Jones, there were at least 12 mass killings committed by South Korean forces that approached the scale of the My Lai Massacre, with reports of thousands of routine murders of civilians, primarily the elderly, women and children. This was long before the advent of integrated computer databases. The lists are based on the home of record state data provided by the serviceman or woman upon last entrance into military service. Here's What to Know About Them 1st. Per war: 191,605 deaths in the First Indochina War, 849,018 deaths in the Second Indochina War (Vietnam War), and 105,627 deaths in the Third Indochina War. At the time, approximately 1,300 names were designated as servicemen who were either missing or prisoners of war. They also assert that the U.S. overall suffered fewer casualties than its opponents. The war lasted from 1955 to 1975 and most of the fighting took place in South Vietnam; accordingly it suffered the most casualties. [91] Around 3035% of American deaths in the war were non-combat or friendly fire deaths; the largest causes of death in the U.S. armed forces were small arms fire (31.8%), booby traps including mines and frags (27.4%), and aircraft crashes (14.7%). By Age: Age at Time of Death Casualties 17 12 18 3,103 19 8,283 20 14,095 21 9,705 22 4,798 Commander George L. Jackson said, "In response to this criticism, the Department of Defense took steps to readjust force levels in order to achieve an equitable proportion and employment of Negroes in Vietnam." When he later read the official tally of dead, he found that it listed them as 130 VC killed. Subscribe to our HistoryNet Now! The panel number is a number/letter combination, such as 10W or 35E. You can scroll down to see the names of casualties listed under their official city. The process of letter of credit import payment methods. The nation's latest mass shooting happened in Dadeville, Alabama . Updates? [36][37][41] All individuals killed in declared free-fire zones, combatants or not, were considered enemy killed in action by US forces . [98], Unexploded ordnance continue to detonate and kill people today. If youre looking to see where better photos are needed, you can do a search online through the Wall of Faces. [49] The Second Marine Brigade perpetrated the Phong Nh and Phong Nht massacre on 12 February 1968. When the Wall was dedicated in 1982, there were 57,939 names inscribed. Lewy reduced the number of Viet Cong (VC) and People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) battle deaths claimed by the U.S. by 30 percent (in accordance with the opinion of United States Department of Defense officials), and assumed that one third of the reported battle deaths of the PAVN/VC may have actually been civilians. The numbers of lives that have been touched by this memorial go . An estimate by the Department of Defense after the war gave a figure of 1.2 million civilian casualties, including 195,000 deaths. Our Vietnam war dead. During that period, they stated, they lost 849,018 killed plus approximately 232,000 missing and 463,000 wounded. Although the names are not listed alphabetically, it is not difficult for visitors to find a name on the Memorial. This change prompted the addition of 110 names in 1986. Locate the line on which the name is inscribed. . With this list in hand, he went to the various locations where individual service records were kept to review files. Unfortunately, he mistakenly added a small number of names of men who were still alive. The Vietnam Conflict Extract Data File of the Defense Casualty Analysis System (DCAS) Extract Files contains records of 58,220 U.S. military fatal casualties of the Vietnam War. Vietnam War Casualties- Main Alphabetical Index www.VirtualWall.org Find A Name Information Memorial pages honoring Vietnam War casualties, listed by their last names. The last 18 names listed on the bottom of Panel 1, West, also at the apex, are from May 15, 1975. Genealogy of the descendants of John Walker of Wigton, Scotland, Genealogy of John Howe of Sudbury and Marlborough, Massachusetts, Ezekiel Cheever and some of his Descendants, Early Records and Notes of the Brown Family, Somerville High School Yearbooks 1892-2016. Other volunteers who played a key role include Andrew Johnson, a Wisconsin newspaper publisher; David Hine, who first discovered the effort from a VVMF newsletter; and Herb Reckinger, who began searching for Minnesotans on the Wall in 2014 and expanded to other states. Necessarily, more is lost to time than is remembered. No single persons service or sacrifice would be any greater than anyone elses. The National Park Service offers these steps for locating a name: National Park Service rangers and volunteers are available to assist in locating names at the Memorial. The National Archives and Records Administration prepared theseVietnam War casualty lists by creating extracts from the military casualty data files in the Records of the Office of the Secretary of Defense (Record Group 330). CASUALTIES BY AGE-ENLISTED Those designated by a plus sign were considered to be missing in action when the war ended. The United States entered Vietnam with the principal purpose of preventing a communist takeover of the region. [55] These policies were also reported on by US commanders, with one US Marine General stating "whenever the Korean marines received fire "or think [they got] fired on from a village they'd divert from their march and go over and completely level the village it would be a lesson to (the Vietnamese). People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) forces attacked a U.S. 23rd Infantry Division night defensive position near c Ph Base Camp.In the four hour battle 29 PAVN and seven U.S. soldiers were killed. Over the following years, additions to the list have brought the total past 58,200. His estimate of total deaths is reflected in the table. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. With the glitch discovered, Doubek and his team located and hand-corrected each error. Not until 1995 did Vietnam release its official estimate of war dead: as many as 2 million civilians on both sides and some 1.1 million North Vietnamese and Viet Cong fighters. The Vietnam Veterans Memorial stands as a symbol of America's honor and recognition of the men and women who served and sacrificed their lives in the Vietnam War. The Vietnam War was a long, costly and divisive conflict that pitted the communist government of North Vietnam against South Vietnam and its principal ally, the United States. Political turbulence there and two alleged North Vietnamese attacks on U.S. naval vessels spurred Johnson to demand the passage of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution in 1964. [25][30], 18.2 million gallons of Agent Orange, some of which was contaminated with Dioxin, was sprayed by the U.S. military over more than 10% of Southern Vietnam[31] as part of the U.S. herbicidal warfare program Operation Ranch Hand during the Vietnam War, from 1961 to 1971. Some common names appear on the Memorial more than once. While VVMF finances the name additions to the Wall, it is the Department of Defense that makes these difficult and often technical decisions. In some instances, names needed to be shuffled in order to fit on a line. According to the Vietnamese government, unexploded ordnance has killed some 42,000 people since the end of the war. The 2nd Marine Brigade reportedly perpetrated the Binh Tai Massacre on 9 October 1966. [5], In 1995, the Vietnamese government released its estimate of war deaths for the more lengthy period of 195575. This resulted in a dramatic decrease in the proportion of black casualties, and by late 1967, black casualties had fallen to 13%, and were below 10% in 1970 to 1972. Defense Department officials believed that these body count figures need to be deflated by 30 percent. The Army as a branch had 134,982 killed or wounded (9.5 percent), but the Marines suffered 66,227 killed or wounded (22.5 percent) or almost one of every four Marines who served. Harper Perennial; September 1991. From refugee camps in Southeast Asia, the great majority of boat people were resettled in more developed countries. [33][34] The United States government has challenged these figures as being unreliable. The Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C., lists more than 58,300 names of members of the U.S. armed forces who were killed or went missing in action. In 1964 an Ohio woman took up the challenge that had led to Amelia Earharts disappearance. The United States had provided funding, armaments, and training to South Vietnams government and military since Vietnams partition into the communist North and the democratic South in 1954. In . We are hoping for better photos of many of them.. Locate the corresponding panel at the Memorial. [40][37] Sometimes civilian casualties from airstrikes or artillery barrages against villages were reported as "enemies killed". The killed in action figure comes from "Special Subject 4: The Work of Locating and Recovering the Remains of Martyrs From Now Until 2020 And Later Years," downloaded from the Vietnamese government website datafile on 1 December 2017. Chronological order by date of casualty allows friends and family members to pick out their loved one from all of the others with the same name. Unfortunately, the Department of Defense and the individual service branches maintained separate casualty lists with slightly differing criteria. Volunteer researcher Janna Hoehn, interviewed by Vietnam magazine in March, spearheaded the effort to collect the last 18 names needed to complete the Wall of Faces earlier this year. The . The names are listed in chronological order, according to the date of casualty. And they are so respectful when they do the engraving. A 1975 US Senate subcommittee estimated around 1.4 million civilian casualties in South Vietnam because of the war, including 415,000 deaths. In January 1968, the North Vietnamese Army (NVA) had launched its largest offensive of the conflict against American forces, beginning their attack on Jan. 30, the start of the Vietnamese holiday. LOUISVILLE, Ky. Two people were killed and four others injured in Louisville, Kentucky, when someone shot into a crowd at a park on Saturday evening, the city's second mass shooting of . Long before the Vietnam conflict had ended, the "Huey" (its original Army designation was HU-1A, for Helicopter, Utility, Model 1A) was probably the most recognizable helicopter in the world. All would be represented equally, with generals listed alongside infantrymen. Vietnam War casualties from Pennsylvania Click or Tap on name to find a personal memorial page of a casualty from this state. The mission of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund (VVMF) is to honor and preserve the legacy of service and educate all generations about the impact of the Vietnam War. USA.gov, The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration [89], The total number of casualties, both KIA and non-hostile deaths, for drafted and volunteer service personnel (figures are approximated):[90], During the Vietnam War, 30% of wounded service members died of their wounds. The overwhelming majority of the MIA are from northern Vietnam. Furthermore, domestic unrest and the financial cost of war made peaceand troop withdrawalsa necessity, not a choice. The National Archives and Records Administration prepared these Vietnam War casualty lists by creating extracts from the military casualty data files in the Records of the Office of the Secretary of Defense (Record Group 330). The Vietnam Veterans Memorial of Greater Rochester, which has found its home in Highland Park South, has been a place of great pride since its dedication on September 8, 1996. American soldiers of the 173th airborne are evacuated by helicopter from a Vietcong position 11 December 1965. [4] The Vietnam Veterans Memorial stands as a symbol of America's honor and recognition of the men and women who served and sacrificed their lives in the Vietnam War. The U.S. Constitution grants Congress sole authority to issue declarations of war. These records were transferred into the custody of the National Archives and Records Administration in 2008. Inscribed on the black granite walls are the names of more than 58,000 men and women who gave their lives or remain missing. In 1975 South Vietnam fell to a full-scale invasion by the North. [32] and studies have shown higher rates of casualties, health effects, and next-generation birth defects in Vietnamese peoples. [105], Two major war memorials commemorating the dead of the, Deaths caused by the South Korean military, North Vietnamese and Viet Cong military casualties, Disproportion of African American casualties. Estimates of the total number of deaths in the Vietnam War vary widely. [19], Other casualties for the ARVN included up to 1,170,000 military wounded,[59] and 1,000,000 surrendered or captured. Rummel does not give a medium or high estimate. In October 1966, Defense Secretary Robert McNamara initiated Project 100,000 which further lowered military standards for 100,000 additional draftees per year. For those and a handful of other unique circumstances, Doubek made his own list of men who had died due to the injuries in the combat zonesnames that may have been listed by an individual service branch, but not by DoD. This memorial was built with private contributions from the American people. A wounded U.S. paratrooper grimaces in pain as he awaits medical evacuation at base camp in the A Shau Valley near the Laos border in South Vietnam on May 19, 1969 during the Vietnam War. "We had no qualms. Including 28 civilians, originally there were 52 missing civilians. The overwhelming majority of the MIA are from northern Vietnam. Lt.Sharon Lane, Capt. [24] Benjamin Valentino estimates 110,000310,000 deaths as a "possible case" of "counter-guerrilla mass killings" by U.S. and South Vietnamese forces during the war. Two further massacres were reported by soldiers who had taken part in them, one north of c Pho in, 426 killed in action, 74 died of other causes, 6 missing in action (all accounted for and repatriated), This page was last edited on 17 April 2023, at 15:30. Eight Women's Names Are Among the Thousands on the Vietnam Memorial Wall. In addition, at least 36,000 Southern civilians were executed for various reasons in the period 19671972. . [62] Across all three wars including the First Indochina War and the Third Indochina War there was a total of 1,146,250 PAVN/VC confirmed military deaths, included 939,460 with bodies recovered and 207,000 with the bodies unfound. Although North Vietnamese and Viet Cong casualty counts vary wildly, it is generally understood that they suffered several times the number of American casualties. [73][74], Historian Christian Appy states "search and destroy was the principal tactic; and the enemy body count was the primary measure of progress" in the US strategy of attrition. [64] According to the Vietnamese government, from 1994 to 2012, 172,460 PAVN/VC bodies were found, including 15,989 in Cambodia, and 14,549 in Laos, and around 10,000 bodies were found from 2012 to 2015, reducing the number of MIA from 390,000 (1993) to 207,000 (2016). Some have tried for years before receiving approval from DoD. Although the records may not be complete, the U.S. National Archives shows that 58,220 U.S. soldiers perished, and categorized the deaths as follows. Salois was the first soldier from their unit to call the Klugs. "UCDP/Prio Armed Conflict Database", Uppsala University, sfn error: no target: CITEREFRummel1997 (. No estimate given for deaths caused by Viet Cong/North Vietnam (195475). 1-86-NARA-NARA or 1-866-272-6272, https://www.dmdc.osd.mil/dcas/pages/main.xhtml, State Lists of Fatal Casualties of the Vietnam War, www.archives.gov/research/military/vietnam-war/casualty-lists/, Re: Seeking data for those who served by branch in Southeast Asia during 1965-73, Seeking data for those who served by branch in Southeast Asia during 1965-73, Re: Seeking number of Army & Marines casualties on July 4, 1968, Re: Looking for digitized Vietnam and/or WWII casualty information, Find answers to your research questions at, How to File a FOIA Request for Archival Records. . For Reckinger, he was able to reconnect a veteran with a fallen comrade whose face might have been lost to time as old memories faded. I looked at the record to determine whether mortal wounds were sustained, Doubek said of the men whose names were listed by the Army, but not by DoD. Whether they produced battlefield images of the dead or daguerreotype portraits of common soldiers, []. For families who have worked to have their loved ones name added, the journey can be long and exhausting. [57], The ARVN suffered 254,256 recorded combat deaths between 1960 and 1974, with the highest number of recorded deaths being in 1972, with 39,587 combat deaths. Textual documents relating to the Vietnam conflict are spread across several record groups (RGs). The vision of VVMF is to ensure a society in which all who have served and sacrificed in our nation's Armed Forces are properly honored and receive the recognition they justly deserve. Compounding these difficulties was the issue that many casualties, particularly from the Air Force, were not always straightforward in terms of locale. HistoryNet.com is brought to you by HistoryNet LLC, the worlds largest publisher of history magazines. June 19, 1969 Jack Sweitzer and Tom McMullen (fat albert) were severly wounded by a recoilless rifle round that hit as we ate lunch. According to a 2009 study, one third of land in the central provinces of Vietnam is still contaminated with unexploded mines and ordnance. History is not a fixed set of facts. He estimated that victims of democide (deliberate killing of civilians) included 214,000 by North Vietnam/VC and 98,000 by South Vietnam and its allies. Researchers should also contact the Marine Corps Archives & Special Collections at, Marine Corps Archives and Special Collections Doubek was tasked with identifying all of the names to be included on the Wall. The Wall That Heals has a large-screen TV and slideshow, Hoehn said. McNamara claimed this program would provide valuable training, skills and opportunity to America's poora promise that was never carried out. According to the United Nations High Commission for Refugees, between 200,000 and 400,000 boat people died at sea. troops. He further suggests that 222,000 civilians may have been counted as enemy military deaths by the U.S. in compiling its "body count" raising the total to 627,000 killed. [8], Lewy estimates that 40,000 South Vietnamese civilians were assassinated by the PAVN/VC; 300,000 were killed as a result of combat in South Vietnam, and 65,000 were killed in North Vietnam for a total of 405,000 killed. The virtual Wall of Faces features a page dedicated to honoring and remembering every person whose name is inscribed on the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C. Some photos that have been submitted are obituary photos, high school yearbook photos or Polaroids from Vietnam.. The names of those who gave their lives and of those who remain missing are inscribed in the order they were taken from us. "The Vietnam Wars." Whether or not there is any family whatsoever, each mans life was important and we want to honor him., I am thrilled beyond words that the project is completed, Hoehn said. History is who we are and why we are the way we are.. Lins vision prevailed. We were tickled to death," Raymond Klug told Milkovits. He did so after a chance encounter at a VVMF event that brings a smaller replica of The Wall to communities across America. [5], Uppsala University in Sweden maintains the Armed Conflict Database. Many of the refugees failed to survive the passage, facing danger from pirates, over-crowded boats, and storms. There is now a face for every name inscribed on the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C., thanks to volunteer researchers. Step 7: Open bank account: Financial backers need to open two sorts of ledgers, to be specific the speculation capital record to get the venture sum and the exchange represent going through with . 1972 FamilySearch Research Wiki Articles United States, National Archives, Military Records, 1885-2004 Civilian deaths caused by both sides amounted to a significant percentage of total deaths. [104], Following the end of the war, many refugees fled Vietnam by boat and ship. [26], RJ Rummel estimated that American forces killed around 5,500 people in democide between 1960 and 1972, from a range of between 4,000 and 10,000. I was able to obtain a high school photo and then a military photo and provide it not only to the Wall of Faces but to the family as well.. This led to increased racial tension in the military. Ronald H. Spector is Professor of History and International Affairs in the Elliott School of International Affairs at George Washington University. The result: no comprehensive master list of Vietnam War casualties existed. During one review, Doubek found a glitch with the computer software: it did not recognize the spaces that appeared within a last name, such as van der Meide. Nor could it properly discern a compounded first name, such as Billy Bob, versus a traditional first and middle name. Count down from the top of the panel. The idea behind adding faces to the names on The Wall was that even a simple image of a human face not only preserves the memory of the dead but touches the lives of people today. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. [55] Widespread reports of deliberate mass killings by Korean forces alleged that they were the result of systemic, deliberate policies to massacre civilians, with murders running into the hundreds. The costs and casualties of the growing war proved too much for the United States to bear, and U.S. combat units were withdrawn by 1973. Operational Archives Branch If a person died or went missing in those areas, DoD considered that individual to be a combat zone casualty and eligible for inclusion on the Wall. Da Nang was the primary storage site of the chemical. By nearly every metric, the Vietnam War was, in the common sense of the word, a war. [25], Operating under the direction of the CIA and other US and South Vietnamese Intel organizations and carried out by ARVN units alongside US advisers was the Phoenix Program, intended to neutralise the VC political infrastructure, whom were the civilian administration of the Viet Cong/Provisional Revolutionary Government via infiltration, capture, counter-terrorism, interrogation, and assassination. The USSR built more than 11,000 of these airplanes. [93][94] With the draft increasing due to the troop buildup in South Vietnam, the military significantly lowered its admission standards. The Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C. has the names listed in chronological order by date of loss. The names on the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, better known as the Wall, will no longer stand alone. newsletter for the best of the past, delivered every Monday and Thursday. Reports of casualties vary, but during the 10 days of intense fighting, an estimated 630 North Vietnamese were killed. EIN: 52-1149668, Copyright 2023 The Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund, Javascript must be enabled for the correct page display, Look up the name in the Vietnam Veterans Memorial. The U.S. estimated more than 100,000 PAVN killed in the offensive. In addition to more photos, the VVMF invites the public to share stories and memories on the online memorial to add to the legacy of fallen service members. During and after the Vietnam War, the Department of Defense (DoD) compiled a list of combat zone casualties according to criteria in a 1965 Presidential Executive Order. There was strong pressure to produce body counts as a measure of operational success and enemy body counts were directly tied to promotions and commendation. Vietnam War, (195475), a protracted conflict that pitted the communist government of North Vietnam and its allies in South Vietnam, known as the Viet Cong, against the government of South Vietnam and its principal ally, the United States. On the stencil printouts, each line contained five names per row. Mistakenly added a small number of deaths in the period 19671972. has the names are the... In order to fit on a line a war from Pennsylvania Click Tap... Defense Secretary Robert McNamara initiated Project 100,000 which further lowered military standards 100,000... Is now a face for every name inscribed on the home of record state data provided by the.... Vietnam because of the past, delivered every Monday and Thursday deflated 30! Chance encounter at a VVMF event that brings a smaller replica of the war. 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