When it comes to heart health, soy protein is beneficial in lowering LDL cholesterol without an unfavorable effect on HDL cholesterol or triglycerides. In 2000, Wu et al. Among selected prospective cohort studies, in 2012 Jarrell and colleagues conducted an observational study of 323 Canadian women with late pregnancy (aged at least 35) followed from the second month of pregnancy until delivery(36). 1. These alterations easily lead to hyperandrogenism and irregular menstrual cycles. . Accessibility Soy consumption was not related to estradiol levels or endometrial thickness. Fertility outcomes improvements (four pregnancies and twelve ovulations) compared with the control group (zero pregnancies, two ovulations), No hormonal changes (E2, FSH, LH, SHBG, Testosterone, DHEAS, Androstenedione, hydroxyprogesterone) after isoflavone intervention compared with baseline, The intervention with genistein reduced serum LH, DHEAS and testosterone levels compared with baseline, No association in Spearman's test correlation analysis between soy intake or amniotic Ph and self-reported infertility or pregnancy complications (premature labour, gestational diabetes, pregnancy-induced hypertension, low birth weight, caesarian section) among participants, USA/Caucasian, African-American, Asian, Other, No association in adjusted linear mixed model between IF intake and ovulatory functions (serum E2, free E2, P, LH, FSH levels and sporadic anovulation assessed by, An inverse relationship between dietary IF intake and live birth (3% reduction, 95% CI 0, 7) and a positive relationship with nulligravidity were seen (13% higher risk, 95% CI 2, 26), USA/Caucasian, African-American, Hispanic, Others, No association between urinary IF and fertility, assessed by time to pregnancy, USA/Caucasian, African-American, Hispanic, Asian, USA/Caucasian, African-American, Asian, other. SHBG levels were not associated with the intake of soy foods, except in the case of miso intake on the 22nd day of cycle (r: 036, P=002). No correlation with specific isoflavones such as equol, daidzein and O-DMA was found. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies However, the intake of isoflavones in diet has not been investigated, and therefore, it was not possible to define the presence of equol-producers among participants. Choose any of these varieties. Recently, Wesselink and colleagues evaluated the fertility of 7778 healthy American or Canadian women in two cohort studies that followed participants for 12 months or until pregnancy(44). However, for articles selection, we used search engines both for scientific literature and specific for clinical trials, without filters application that could have limited the results. Based on this cross-sectional study, high consumption of soy isoflavones was identified (94% of participants). However, the difference became not significant after adjustment for isoflavone intake. Longer, not clinically relevant duration of menstrual bleeding (adjusted MD: 037d, 95% CI 006, 068), without differences in severity of menstrual flow was observed. In the first study, the authors administered soy milk to six American women aged 2229 for 1 month, comparing outcomes with baseline(26). Among the limitations of this review of literature, we must include the possible avoidance of studies that considered fertility as a secondary outcome and which therefore may have escaped from the manuscript selection. 0. The only study found about the effect of exposure to soy in childhood and reproductive functions is the retrospective study by Strom and colleagues(30). Stay below 60 grams per day. Measurement of urinary isoflavones and their metabolites appears to be a more reliable approach than dietary assessment alone. The purpose of this review is to collect currently available data in literature, summarising the possible interaction between soy, soy foods and components of soy (in particular isoflavones) on aspects concerning women's fertility and related outcomes. The dietary intake of isoflavones did not appear to be associated with fertility in the two cohorts but some marginal evidence of amelioration of fertility was related to a higher intake of isoflavones among 30 years old individuals after age stratification (Fecundability Ratios: 112, 95% CI 994, 134 and 119, 95% CI 092, 155 in the two cohorts comparing 90th with <24th percentile). (2011), Effect of soy phytoestrogen on metabolic and hormonal disturbance of women with polycystic ovary syndrome, Jarrell J, Foster WG & Kinniburgh DW (2012), Filiberto AC, Mumford SL, Pollack AZ, et al. There are many reasons for infertility among couples, including genetic . No significant differences in fertility outcomes such as missed menstrual periods, pregnancy, live births, abortions, miscarriages, full-term deliveries, preterm deliveries, between soy or cow formula utilisers in infancy were seen, Improved endometrial thickness using transvaginal sonography in soy group compared with placebo. Mildly increased levels of SHBG were associated with higher dietary isoflavone intakes (Q4 [16788mg/d] v. Q1 [0003mg/d]) in the adjusted linear mixed model (: 009, 95% CI 002, 016), but no correlation was found for estradiol, progesterone, LH, FSH levels or anovulatory events. This was a short pilot study with a small sample size in subgroups. (1998), Interaction of estrogenic chemicals and phytoestrogens with estrogen receptor beta, Ropero AB, Alonso-Magdalena P, Ripoll C, et al. Sampling involved synchronisation on the third day of menstrual cycle follicular phase, spontaneous or pharmacologically induced. (2020), Gaskins AJ, Nassan FL, Chiu Y-H, et al. However, the association between soy and isoflavones with the reduction of luteal phase seems weak. Recently, in a prospective study by Levine et al., 326 American women eumenorrheic aged 1840 were followed for 12 months or until pregnancy(45). The present paper aims to conduct a review of available data on the effect of soy, soy foods and soy components on women's fertility and related outcomes. Eleven interventional studies, eleven observational studies and one meta-analysis have been selected from the results of queries. A slight increase of approximately 1d (MD: 105, 95% CI 013, 197) was seen compared with the control, with no significant effects in the length of luteal and follicular phases. Tvitni na twitteru. Day 22 should correspond to the mid-luteal phase, however, the authors pointed out that participants exhibited different lengths of menstrual cycle and this could have been a source of heterogeneity that was used as a covariate in the regression model. They can bind G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPR30), with effects driven by both genomic and non-genomic regulation involving different cellular signalling pathways, such as intracellular increase of calcium or NO levels(75), as observed in human endothelial cells after stimulation with equol 100nM(76). The authors responsibilities were as follows: G. R. study conception and drafting the manuscript. Phytoestrogens and breast cancer promoters or protectors? This effect persisted for at least one menstrual cycle after the suspension of soy intake, with a maximum of persistence for three menstrual cycles. (2019), Consumption of soy-based infant formula is not associated with early onset of puberty, Rosselli M, Reinhart K, Imthurn B, et al. However, urinary phytoestrogen levels were only detected at baseline and this increased the correlation uncertainty. The interaction between isoflavones and ER estrogen receptor results in a competitive effect which in turn blunts endogenous estrogens action(72), as suggested by estrogenic activity of biochanin A and genistein on BT-474 human breast cancer(73). After 6 months, estradiol levels of patients in the intervention group were higher compared with basal (P<005), whereas luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were unchanged. The evaluation of isoflavones circulating levels and their urinary excretion allowed to show a wide inter-individual variation of metabolic and absorption capacity. (2021), Soy intake is associated with lowering blood pressure in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trials, The antioxidant role of soy and soy foods in human health, Kang J, Badger TM, Ronis MJJ, et al. I continued Intralipid after a positive and 2 more the next 2 months. Although the clinical trial was quasi-randomised, with a placebo group, double-blinded, authors did not characterise the dietary regimen of individuals as well as their ability to effectively absorb and metabolise soy isoflavones. (2016), The influence of religious affiliation on participant responsiveness to the complete health improvement program (CHIP) lifestyle intervention, McBride DC, Bailey KGD, Landless PN, et al. The lack of variation in gonadotropins can explain the absence of variation in menstrual cycle. (2001), Exposure to soy-based formula in infancy and endocrinological and reproductive outcomes in young adulthood, Unfer V, Casini ML, Costabile L, et al. (2019), Daidzein intake is associated with equol producing status through an increase in the intestinal bacteria responsible for equol production, Setchell KDR, Brown NM & Lydeking-Olsen E (2002), The clinical importance of the metabolite equol-a clue to the effectiveness of soy and its isoflavones, Ariyani W, Miyazaki W, Amano I, et al. Most women taking soy isoflavones to induce ovulation take around 150-200 mg a day on cycle day 3 -7 or 5-9. The results of selected manuscripts were grouped according to the outcomes used, for a clear comparison. No changes were highlighted for DHEA, DHEAS, dihydrotestosterone (DHT) concentration or LH:FSH ratio. The possible correlation between menstrual cycle length and soy does not seem convincing either. The obtained meta-analysis was included in the final summary because it assessed aspects relating to the topic of this review. Furthermore, the intervention group showed lower rates of miscarriage (n: 2, 31% v. n: 6, 87%; P<005) and higher rates of pregnancy (n: 13, 200% v. n: 3, 44%; P<005) compared with placebo. I started taking 60mg every 12 hours (120mg daily) beginning the evening of CD2 and will finish the morning of CD7. Improvements were observed only in lipid profile (circulating total cholesterol, LDL and LDL/HDL ratio and triglycerides). Regarding the two mentioned studies, the use of very high amounts of isoflavones is noteworthy because it is not possible to obtain such a dose through diet, therefore the effects found can be interpreted as a pharmacological and not nutritional intervention. The Adventist Church is a community with very homogeneous habits and a high prevalence of vegetarians (54% lacto-ovo vegetarian and 7% vegan from this study)(51,52). These enzymes convert estrone and androstenedione into estrogen and testosterone(83,84). M. A. S. contributed to drafting and revising the manuscript. Before Furthermore, diet and energy intake were not investigated and sampling was not well-timed to menstrual cycle. It is widely used in eastern traditional cuisine and it has recently diffused among self-conscious and vegetarian diets. (2011), A prospective cohort study of menstrual characteristics and time to pregnancy, Hooper L, Ryder JJ, Kurzer MS, et al. conducted another prospective cohort study on 239 American women undergoing assisted reproductive technology(42). However, only 106 individuals provided information on soy intake. From the data obtained, diet isoflavones do not seem to have a direct effect on fertility, whether positive or negative. Soy isoflavones seem to act also through a non-genomic regulation, activating specific cellular signalling pathways(18). was a pilot study without a characterisation of diet among participants and without data on soy composition (isoflavone or antioxidant contents). Despite adjustments for demographic, lifestyle, dietary factors, including ethnicity and other phytoestrogens, it would have been useful to check the dietary intake of isoflavones for equol-producers evaluation. Live birth odds in the multivariable-adjusted analysis was higher among women in the second tertile of soy intake, consuming 264755mg/d of soy isoflavones (OR: 187; 95% CI 112, 314) and among women in the third tertile of soy intake, consuming 7562789mg/d of isoflavones (OR: 177; 95% CI 103, 303) compared with no consumption, but without a significant linear trend. Additional considerations regarding hormonal influences will be discussed in the next paragraph. Phytoestrogens and breast cancer: in vitro anticancer activities of isoflavones, lignans, coumestans, stilbenes and their analogs and derivatives, Estrogen signaling: a subtle balance between ER alpha and ER beta, Effect of soy isoflavones on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, Bioavailability of soybean isoflavones from aglycone and glucoside forms in American women, Iino C, Shimoyama T, Iino K, et al. (2017), Prospective evaluation of luteal phase length and natural fertility, Wesselink AK, Wise LA, Hatch EE, et al. However, the specific effect of soy intake on women's fertility has not yet been systematically evaluated. Thank God we tried it. Four papers were found about assisted reproduction technology, two of which were interventional studies by Unifer and colleagues, using high intakes of soy phytoestrogens as adjuvant(31,32). As expected, women with the highest soy consumption were more likely to be of Asian descent. The clinical studies selection included one retrospective study, two cross-sectional studies, eight longitudinal cohort studies, five parallel-designed interventional studies and six longitudinal interventional studies. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the This phenomenon highlights how in literature there is greater attention to phytoestrogens and their effect, frequently underestimating the role of other components that have a marginal interest. High soya intake among women in Asian countries has been linked to their 30% lower risk of developing breast cancer compared to US women, who eat much less soya. After adjustments, an inverse correlation between estradiol and soy intake was highlighted on the 22nd day of menstrual cycle (r: 032, P=004) but not on the 11th. The article processing charge was funded by the Baden-Wuerttemberg Ministry of Science, Research and Art and the University of Freiburg in the funding programme Open Access Publishing. They evaluated the hormonal variations during menstrual cycle through the composite construct that considered the cumulative information of the day of menstrual cycle for specimens. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. The role of soy and soy isoflavones on women's fertility and related outcomes: an update eCollection 2022. Recently, the anti-Mllerian hormone (AMH) concentrations have proved to be a useful tool for predicting female fertility, especially because it is independent of the cycle phase(48). However, this omission does not necessarily imply that the assessment has not been carried out. Researchers did not observe any clinical improvement, alteration of menstrual cycle or hormonal alteration (estradiol, SHBG, DHEAS, androstenedione, testosterone, FSH, LH) compared with baseline levels. They contain a plant-derived estrogen called isoflavones. The authors defined the unusual estradiol increase as erratic. There was a significant correlation between dietary soy consumption and fertilisation rate (77% v. 71%, P=0004), age-adjusted pregnancy (52% v. 41%, P=003) or age-adjusted live birth rate (44% v. 31%, P=0007) among soy consumers compared with non-consumers. Additionally, isoflavones can act as antioxidants in vitro (15), but the extent to which they contribute to the antioxidant status of humans is not yet clear. After the soy intervention, the length of menstrual cycle marginally increased (from 28319 to 31851d, P=006). In the mid-1990s he was accused of transferring ova harvested from women . Higher soy products intake did not correlate with the rate of infertility. (2020), Urinary phytoestrogens and relationship to menstrual cycle length and variability among healthy, eumenorrheic women, Haudum C, Lindheim L, Ascani A, et al. Five studies exploring the relationship between soy and the length of menstrual cycle in healthy women have been selected, including two observational studies(41,45) and three longitudinal interventional studies(26,28,29). (2018), Bacterial metabolite S-equol modulates glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion from enteroendocrine L cell line GLUTag cells via actin polymerization. In addition, in the work of Kohama and colleagues, an increase in estradiol levels following intervention with soy compared with baseline was shown(33). Estradiol levels showed increased plasma concentrations during the intervention period among premenopausal women (n: 14) in both luteal and follicular phases (composite menstrual cycle assessment). Among the studies already cited, however, we must consider the work of Kohoama and colleagues(33), which showed fertility improvements following intervention with black soy extract in individuals with secondary amenorrhea, including patients with PCOS. This, in turn, stimulates ovulation and can make you ready for pregnancy. Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error. One of the first research papers to look directly at soy and fertility outcomes was from the Adventist Health Study-2. The possibility of a sexual development disorder as a neonatal programming effect is an often raised hypothesis because circulating levels of isoflavones are higher in soy-fed infants compared with cow milk formula or breastfed infants(69). Put simply, most of the evidence indicates that isoflavones do not adversely affect men's fertility. The urinary or serum levels of isoflavones did not affected progesterone levels in the multiple regression analysis. It has been said to be nature's clomid. Patients showed plasma androgens levels above or at the upper limit the normal range, at baseline. 2 highlights the main cellular mechanisms attributed to isoflavones. The purpose of this review was to examine the evidence regarding the potential detrimental effects of soy and phyto-oestrogens on male reproductive function and fertility in humans and animals. They may also support bone health. (2015), Soy food intake and treatment outcomes of women undergoing assisted reproductive technology, Andrews MA, Schliep KC, Wactawski-Wende J, et al. Furthermore, the nutritional habits of Adventists differ from the Western population ones and they show soy consumption more similar to populations in South-East Asia(53). Multiple regression analysis including various set of possible confounders highlighted more in-depth correlations. conducted a 7-month interventional study on twenty healthy American women aged 2144, half of them of Asian origin, using various types of soy foods (soy milk, edamame, tofu) for an overall daily intake of about 32mg of isoflavones(28). For these reasons, studies that evaluated the ovarian hormones secretion were aimed at exploring the potential beneficial effect of soy on breast cancer prevention, but they were not designed for the evaluation of endocrine consequences, including fertility. The concomitant treatment with soybean phytoestrogens significantly increased the implantation rate (254% v. 202%; P<005), the pregnancy rate (393% v. 209%; P<005) and the pregnancy-to-delivery rate (303% v. 162%; P<005) compared with placebo. It is an endocrine dysfunction that includes hormonal alterations (increased levels of adrenal and ovarian androgens and SHBG secretion from the liver) and anovulatory disorders(64). (2015), Dietary factors and luteal phase deficiency in healthy eumenorrheic women, Chavarro JE, Mnguez-Alarcn L, Chiu Y-H, et al. (1997), Decreased serum estradiol concentration associated with high dietary intake of soy products in premenopausal Japanese women, Wu AH, Stanczyk FZ, Hendrich S, et al. (2000), Effects of soy foods on ovarian function in premenopausal women, Lu LJ, Anderson KE, Grady JJ, et al. In the first clinical trial by Unifer and colleagues, 1500mg/d of isoflavones from soy or placebo were administered for 10d to 134 women who had been infertile for at least 2 years, undergoing intrauterine insemination after 100mg/d for 5d of clomiphene citrate treatments (an ovulation inducer)(31). Individuals who are not equol-producers have likely limited response to isoflavone intake(16). Similar significant association was observed for peak luteal progesterone 10ng/ml (aOR: 140, 95% CI 100, 196, P=005). Moreover, urinary concentrations seem to reflect the isoflavone intakes in a short time window. For the remaining papers, the full texts were retrieved for the final evaluation and inclusion in the summary. Nevertheless, a reduction in FSH levels was confirmed (SMD: 087IU/l, 95% CI 172, 002). 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