[29] He continued writing poetry; five of his poems, on themes such as nature, land and patriotism, were published under the pseudonym of "Soselo" in Ilia Chavchavadze's newspaper Iveria (Georgia). [863] One of them, Konstantin Kuzakov, later taught philosophy at the Leningrad Military Mechanical Institute, but never met Stalin. [115] He escaped to Saint Petersburg,[116] where he was arrested in September 1911 and sentenced to a further three-year exile in Vologda. [496] Stalin exploited Nazi anti-Semitism, and in April 1942 he sponsored the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee (JAC) to garner Jewish and foreign support for the Soviet war effort. [383] Government policiesincluding the focus on rapid industrialisation, the socialisation of livestock, and the emphasis on sown areas over crop rotationexacerbated the problem;[388] the state had also failed to build reserve grain stocks for such an emergency. [868] According to historian Kevin McDermott, interpretations of Stalin range from "the sycophantic and adulatory to the vitriolic and condemnatory. [269] It was incorporated into a growing personality cult devoted to Lenin, with Petrograd being renamed "Leningrad" that year. [428] In July 1937, the Politburo ordered a purge of "anti-Soviet elements" in society, targeting anti-Stalin Bolsheviks, former Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries, priests, ex-White Army soldiers, and common criminals. [613], Stalin suggested that a unified, but demilitarised, German state be established, hoping that it would either come under Soviet influence or remain neutral. [555], After the war, Stalin wasaccording to Serviceat the "apex of his career". [273], As General Secretary, Stalin had a free hand in making appointments to his own staff, implanting his loyalists throughout the party and administration. [565] He ensured that returning Soviet prisoners of war went through "filtration" camps as they arrived in the Soviet Union, in which 2,775,700 were interrogated to determine if they were traitors. [312] Many Communists, including in Komsomol, OGPU, and the Red Army, were eager to be rid of the NEP and its market-oriented approach;[313] they had concerns about those who profited from the policy: affluent peasants known as "kulaks" and small business owners or "Nepmen". [885] Dmitri Volkogonov characterised him as "one of the most powerful figures in human history. [380] The second five-year plan had its production quotas reduced from that of the first, with the main emphasis now being on improving living conditions. [504] Comintern was dissolved in 1943,[505] and Stalin encouraged foreign MarxistLeninist parties to emphasise nationalism over internationalism to broaden their domestic appeal. [ 2] Without providing a clear successor, he left the party in chaos and the in-fighting and division . [681] Although he never became a Georgian nationalist,[682] during his early life elements from Georgian nationalist thought blended with Marxism in his outlook. III. [615] He gambled that the Western powers would not risk war, but they airlifted supplies into West Berlin until May 1949, when Stalin relented and ended the blockade. [226], Following earlier clashes between Polish and Russian troops, the PolishSoviet War broke out in early 1920, with the Poles invading Ukraine and taking Kiev on 7 May. [95] After returning to Tiflis, Stalin organised the robbing of a large delivery of money to the Imperial Bank in June 1907. Nikita Khrushchev. It is generally taken as given that Stalin used the power this afforded him to remove his political rivals in the course of his rise to power, and in later years, to remove those officials who had reservations about his policies. We have fallen behind the advanced countries by fifty to a hundred years. [67] He called for the Georgian Marxist movement to split from its Russian counterpart, resulting in several RSDLP members accusing him of holding views contrary to the ethos of Marxist internationalism and calling for his expulsion from the party; he soon recanted his opinions. [633] The Soviet press engaged in vituperative attacks on Zionism, Jewish culture, and "rootless cosmopolitanism",[634] with growing levels of anti-Semitism being expressed across Soviet society. Get the answers you need, now! [488] In June 1941, he ordered a scorched earth policy of destroying infrastructure and food supplies before the Germans could seize them,[489] also commanding the NKVD to kill around 100,000 political prisoners in areas the Wehrmacht approached. He is called Joseph Stalin, also known as the man of steel. [567], The NKVD were ordered to catalogue the scale of destruction during the war. [249] Stalin also agreed to supervise the Department of Agitation and Propaganda in the Central Committee Secretariat. [367] Through the Communist International, Stalin's government exerted a strong influence over Marxist parties elsewhere in the world;[368] initially, Stalin left the running of the organisation largely to Bukharin. [609] Stalin had a particularly strained relationship with Yugoslav leader Josip Broz Tito due to the latter's continued calls for Balkan federation and for Soviet aid for the communist forces in the ongoing Greek Civil War. [563], Despite his strengthened international position, Stalin was cautious about internal dissent and desire for change among the population. [307] In 1927, there was some argument in the party over Soviet policy regarding China. [619] With this accomplished, Marxist governments now controlled a third of the world's land mass. Stalin took on the title of premier from 1941 onwards actually. [836], Stalin was no womanizer. [413] In May 1933, he released from prison many convicted of minor offences, ordering the security services not to enact further mass arrests and deportations. In the US the government tried very hard during WWII to explain why they were fighting evil fascists in Germany and Italy by sending massive shipments of weapons to the third major fascist power in Europe, the Soviet Union. [817] As an infant, Stalin displayed a love of flowers,[818] and later in life he became a keen gardener. Many believe Stalin's rise to power began when he met Vladimir Lenin. [160] There, Stalin and a fellow Bolshevik Lev Kamenev assumed control of Pravda,[161] and Stalin was appointed the Bolshevik representative to the Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet, an influential council of the city's workers. [383] The worst affected areas were Ukraine and the North Caucasus, although the famine also affected Kazakhstan and several Russian provinces. [796] He favoured historical studies, keeping up with debates in the study of Russian, Mesopotamian, ancient Roman, and Byzantine history. [573] Recognising the need for drastic steps to be taken to combat inflation and promote economic regeneration, in December 1947 Stalin's government devalued the rouble and abolished the ration-book system. [391] Stalin would not acknowledge that his policies had contributed to the famine,[380] the existence of which was kept secret from foreign observers. What title was Stalin given in 1922? [198] Stalin supported Lenin's desire to sign an armistice with the Central Powers regardless of the cost in territory. [720] Montefiore thought Stalin's brutality marked him out as a "natural extremist";[795] Service suggested he had tendencies toward a paranoid and sociopathic personality disorder. The Allies demanded that Stalin withdraw the Red Army from northern Iran. [261] The USSR's formation was ratified in December 1922; although officially a federal system, all major decisions were taken by the governing Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in Moscow. And what is so awful in his having fun with a woman, after such horrors? [910], Shortly after his death, the Soviet Union went through a period of de-Stalinization. [341] New mines were opened, new cities like Magnitogorsk constructed, and work on the White Sea-Baltic Canal began. Lenin was the USSR's first ruler; Stalin served the longest. "[921] In a 2017 interview, Putin added that while "we should not forget the horrors of Stalinism", the excessive demonization of "Stalin is a means to attack [the] Soviet Union and Russia". Joseph Stalin started his career as a student radical, becoming an influential member and eventually the leader of the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party.He served as the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1922 until his death in 1953.. Joseph Stalin born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili began his political . [220] By that time, Sovnarkom had turned its attention to spreading proletarian revolution abroad, to this end forming the Communist International in March 1919; Stalin attended its inaugural ceremony. [584] Current estimates indicate that between one million and 1.5million people died from malnutrition or disease as a result. [503], In April 1942, Stalin overrode Stavka by ordering the Soviets' first serious counter-attack, an attempt to seize German-held Kharkov in eastern Ukraine. Severe disruptions to food production contributed to the famine of 19301933 that killed millions. [531], In 1944, the Soviet Union made significant advances across Eastern Europe toward Germany,[532] including Operation Bagration, a massive offensive in the Byelorussian SSR against the German Army Group Centre. [379] At the same time, penal sanctions became more severe; at Stalin's instigation, in August 1932 a decree was introduced wherein the theft of even a handful of grain could be a capital offence. Vladimir Lenin, Letter to the Thirteenth Party Congress. [864] The other, Alexander, was the son of Lidia Pereprygina; he was raised as the son of a peasant fisherman and the Soviet authorities made him swear never to reveal that Stalin was his biological father. February: The Soviet government replaces the CHEKA with a new security agency, . [519] In 1941, the London Philharmonic Orchestra performed a concert to celebrate his birthday,[520] and in 1942, Time magazine named him "Man of the Year". [847] Yakov had a daughter, Galina, before fighting for the Red Army in the Second World War. [285] Although Zinoviev was concerned about Stalin's growing authority, he rallied behind him at the 13th Congress as a counterweight to Trotsky, who now led a party faction known as the Left Opposition. The Soviet Union itself had only been formed a few years earlier in 1918, but when the communist leader . [136], Stalin's article Marxism and the National Question[137] was first published in the March, April, and May 1913 issues of the Bolshevik journal Prosveshcheniye;[138] Lenin was pleased with it. Born to a poor ethnic Georgian family in the town of Gori in the Tiflis Governorate of the Russian Empire (now part of Georgia), Stalin joined the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party in 1901. [765] Stalin had a complex mind,[766] great self-control,[767] and an excellent memory. [199] Stalin thought it necessary because unlike Lenin he was unconvinced that Europe was on the verge of proletarian revolution. [732] Described as a poor orator,[733] according to Volkogonov, Stalin's speaking style was "simple and clear, without flights of fancy, catchy phrases or platform histrionics". [728] Service also noted that Stalin "would never be Russian", could not credibly pass as one, and never tried to pretend that he was. [895] Since his death many more biographies have been written,[896] although until the 1980s these relied largely on the same sources of information. [783], Stalin was ruthless,[784] temperamentally cruel,[785] and had a propensity for violence high even among the Bolsheviks. [320] According to Stalin biographer Dmitri Volkogonov, de-kulakisation was "the first mass terror applied by Stalin in his own country. [124] In July, he arrived at the Siberian village of Narym,[125] where he shared a room with a fellow Bolshevik Yakov Sverdlov. [48] By this point, the empire's secret police, the Okhrana, were aware of Stalin's activities in Tiflis' revolutionary milieu. [472] He increasingly focused on appeasement with the Germans to delay any conflict with them. His gang ambushed the armed convoy in Erivan Square with gunfire and home-made bombs. [475] Although de facto head of government for a decade and a half, Stalin concluded that relations with Germany had deteriorated to such an extent that he needed to deal with the problem as de jure head of government as well: on 6 May, Stalin replaced Molotov as Premier of the Soviet Union. [766] According to historian Geoffrey Roberts, Stalin wasn't a psychopath. [764] This gained widespread acceptance outside the Soviet Union during his lifetime but was misleading. [560] In 1946, the state published Stalin's Collected Works. [326] Although officially voluntary, many peasants joined the collectives out of fear they would face the fate of the kulaks; others joined amid intimidation and violence from party loyalists. (one of the Bolsheviks' key policy stances in 1917 was to give the land to . [268] Stalin took charge of the funeral and was one of its pallbearers; against the wishes of Lenin's widow, the Politburo embalmed his corpse and placed it within a mausoleum in Moscow's Red Square. [289] He was supported in this by Bukharin, who, like Stalin, believed that the Left Opposition's proposals would plunge the Soviet Union into instability. [455] On 3 May 1939, Stalin replaced his western-oriented foreign minister Maxim Litvinov with Vyacheslav Molotov. [623], At the end of the Second World War, the Soviet Union and the United States divided up the Korean Peninsula, formerly a Japanese colonial possession, along the 38th parallel, setting up a communist government in the north and a pro-Western, anti-communist government in the south. [774] Several historians have seen it as appropriate to follow Lazar Kaganovich's description of there being "several Stalins" as a means of understanding his multi-faceted personality. [646] He was very interested in the reigns of Ivan the Terrible, Peter the Great and Catherine the Great. [48] They attempted to arrest him in March 1901, but he escaped and went into hiding,[49] living off the donations of friends and sympathisers. This was the highest level position until the decline of the communist regime in Russia. [352] Aware that the ethnic Russian majority may have concerns about being ruled by a Georgian,[353] he promoted ethnic Russians throughout the state hierarchy and made the Russian language compulsory throughout schools and offices, albeit to be used in tandem with local languages in areas with non-Russian majorities. [167] During this raid, Stalin smuggled Lenin out of the newspaper's office and took charge of the Bolshevik leader's safety, moving him between Petrograd safe houses before smuggling him to Razliv. [588] Although Stalin publicly described the British and U.S. governments as aggressive, he thought it unlikely that a war with them would be imminent, believing that several decades of peace was likely. [667] A memorial service in his honour was also held at St George the Martyr, Holborn in London. During these years, the country experienced another major famine and an antisemitic campaign that culminated in the doctors' plot. [346] His speeches and articles reflected his utopian vision of the Soviet Union rising to unparalleled heights of human development, creating a "new Soviet person". [856] After the Second World War, he made little time for his children and his family played a decreasingly important role in his life. Serving in the Russian Civil War before overseeing the Soviet Union's establishment in 1922, Stalin assumed leadership over the country following Lenin's death in 1924. Give Me Liberty! As the head of the Soviet Union from 1928-1953, Stalin used ruthless tactics to gain ultimate power and total control . [554] He also pushed for "war booty", which would permit the Soviet Union to directly seize property from conquered nations without quantitative or qualitative limitation, and a clause was added permitting this to occur with some limitations. [470] One of the most noted instances was the Katyn massacre of April and May 1940, in which around 22,000 members of the Polish armed forces, police, and intelligentsia were executed. [265] In the final years of his life, Krupskaya provided governing figures with Lenin's Testament, a series of increasingly disparaging notes about Stalin. [449], As a MarxistLeninist, Stalin considered conflict between competing capitalist powers inevitable; after Nazi Germany annexed Austria and then part of Czechoslovakia in 1938, he recognised a war was looming. [196] That month, he travelled to Helsinki to talk with the Finnish Social-Democrats, granting Finland's request for independence in December. [145] He was sentenced to four years exile in Turukhansk, a remote part of Siberia from which escape was particularly difficult. A 2012 survey commissioned by the Carnegie Endowment found 38% of Armenians concurring that their country "will always have need of a leader like Stalin. He was given this title and kept it until he died. The real motivation for the terror, according to Harris, was an excessive fear of counterrevolution. There, Khrushchev denounced Stalin for both his mass repression and his personality cult. [796] He was instead an emotionally intelligent and feeling intellectual. [495] Responding to the invasion, the Soviets intensified their industrial enterprises in central Russia, focusing almost entirely on production for the military. [714], Stalin viewed nations as contingent entities which were formed by capitalism and could merge into others. [557] Aware that these countries had been pushed toward socialism through invasion rather than by proletarian revolution, Stalin referred to them not as "dictatorships of the proletariat" but as "people's democracies", suggesting that in these countries there was a pro-socialist alliance combining the proletariat, peasantry, and lower middle-class. [869], Stalin strengthened and stabilised the Soviet Union. [624] North Korean leader Kim Il-sung visited Stalin in March 1949 and again in March 1950; he wanted to invade the south and although Stalin was initially reluctant to provide support, he eventually agreed by May 1950. [399] During the later 1930s, Stalin placed "a few limits on the worship of his own greatness". [826] Service cautioned that there was "no irrefutable evidence" of anti-Semitism in Stalin's published work, although his private statements and public actions were "undeniably reminiscent of crude antagonism towards Jews";[827] he added that throughout Stalin's lifetime, the Georgian "would be the friend, associate or leader of countless individual Jews". [599] In September 1949 the Western powers transformed Western Germany into an independent Federal Republic of Germany; in response the Soviets formed East Germany into the German Democratic Republic in October. The U.S. also offered financial assistance to countries as part of the Marshall Plan on the condition that they opened their markets to trade, aware that the Soviets would never agree. [865], The historian Robert Conquest stated that Stalin perhaps "determined the course of the twentieth century" more than any other individual. [606], Churchill observed that an "Iron Curtain" had been drawn across Europe, separating the east from the west. Advertisement. [89] Lenin and Stalin disagreed with this decision[90] and later privately discussed how they could continue the robberies for the Bolshevik cause. [650] In 1952, he also eliminated the Politburo and replaced it with a larger version which he called the Presidium. It nevertheless clashed with established Bolshevik views that socialism could not be established in one country but could only be achieved globally through the process of world revolution. [744] From mid-1918 until his death he favoured military-style clothing, in particular long black boots, light-coloured collarless tunics, and a gun. The Soviet Union. [272] Embarrassed by its contents, Stalin offered his resignation as General Secretary; this act of humility saved him and he was retained in the position. [768] He was a hard worker,[769] and displayed a keen desire to learn;[770] when in power, he scrutinised many details of Soviet life, from film scripts to architectural plans and military hardware. [638], In his later years, Stalin was in poor health. [296] In October 1927, Zinoviev and Trotsky were removed from the Central Committee;[297] the latter was exiled to Kazakhstan and later deported from the country in 1929. [542] Many Soviet soldiers engaged in looting, pillaging, and rape, both in Germany and parts of Eastern Europe. [893], Leninists remain divided in their views on Stalin; some view him as Lenin's authentic successor, while others believe he betrayed Lenin's ideas by deviating from them. [72], In January 1905, government troops massacred protesters in Saint Petersburg. [683] The historian Alfred J. Rieber noted that he had been raised in "a society where rebellion was deeply rooted in folklore and popular rituals". [939], Yevstafy Zhakov, a pastor of St. Olga Strelna near St. Petersburg, caused an uproar after he hung a portrait of Stalin among sacred images, stating: "I remember him [Stalin] on appropriate occasions, the day of his birthday, his death and that of Victory. [401] Stalin initiated confidential communications with Hitler in October 1933, shortly after the latter came to power in Germany. [646] The amount of written material that he produced also declined. [444] Yezhov was arrested in April 1939 and executed in 1940. [132] In January 1913, Stalin travelled to Vienna,[133] where he researched the 'national question' of how the Bolsheviks should deal with the Russian Empire's national and ethnic minorities. In 1922, Stalin was appointed to another such post, as General Secretary of the Communist Party's Central Committee. [595] [799] Stalin's favourite subject was history, closely followed by Marxist theory and then fiction. [686] Stalin referred to himself as a praktik, meaning that he was more of a practical revolutionary than a theoretician. In 1922 he was appointed general secretary of the Bolshevik party with the help of Lenin. It is this point that makes the historiography of the USSRa subject worthy of deep study in itselfso . [452] Stalin initiated a military build-up, with the Red Army more than doubling between January 1939 and June 1941, although in its haste to expand many of its officers were poorly trained. [394], In 193536, Stalin oversaw a new constitution; its dramatic liberal features were designed as propaganda weapons, for all power rested in the hands of Stalin and his Politburo. [849] They had two biological childrena son, Vasily, and a daughter, Svetlana, and adopted another son, Artyom Sergeev, in 1921. Around 40 people were killed, but all of his gang escaped alive. [216] When the Red Third Regiment defected, he ordered the public execution of captured defectors. [616] In Poland, the Soviets merged various socialist parties into the Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR), and vote rigging was used to ensure that the PZPR secured office. [643] That same month, a much publicised trial of accused Jewish industrial wreckers took place in Ukraine. [196] His department allocated funds for establishment of presses and schools in the languages of various ethnic minorities. [279] In his private life, he divided his time between his Kremlin apartment and a dacha at Zubalova;[280] his wife gave birth to a daughter, Svetlana, in February 1926. [654] He was hand-fed using a spoon, given various medicines and injections, and leeches were applied to him. [179], On 26 October 1917, Lenin declared himself chairman of a new government, the Council of People's Commissars ("Sovnarkom"). [821] People who knew him, such as Khrushchev, suggested he long harboured negative sentiments toward Jews,[822] and it has been argued that anti-Semitic trends in his policies were further fuelled by Stalin's struggle against Trotsky. [778] He acknowledged that he could be rude and insulting,[779] but he rarely raised his voice in anger;[780] as his health deteriorated in later life he became increasingly unpredictable and bad-tempered. [536], In February 1945, the three leaders met at the Yalta Conference. A civil war resulted in the nation becoming a communist state named the soviet union led by Vladimir Lenin. These criticised Stalin's rude manners and excessive power, suggesting that Stalin should be removed from the position of general secretary. [726] According to Montefiore, despite Stalin's affinity for Russia and Russians, he remained profoundly Georgian in his lifestyle and personality. [556] Within the Soviet Union he was widely regarded as the embodiment of victory and patriotism. [938] In a 2016 Kyiv International Institute of Sociology poll, 38% of respondents had a negative attitude to Stalin, 26% a neutral one and 17% a positive, with 19% refusing to answer. He was captured by the German Army and then committed suicide. [57] Stalin organised another mass demonstration on the day of their funeral,[58] before being arrested in April 1902. [696] In his book, Foundations of Leninism, he stated that "Leninism is the Marxism of the epoch of imperialism and of the proletarian revolution". "[846] They had a son, Yakov, who often frustrated and annoyed Stalin. [91], Stalin married Kato Svanidze in an Orthodox church ceremony at Senaki in July 1906. [266] Some historians have questioned whether Lenin ever produced these, suggesting instead that they may have been written by Krupskaya, who had personal differences with Stalin;[254] Stalin, however, never publicly voiced concerns about their authenticity. See answers Advertisement Advertisement archana2025 archana2025 Joseph Stalin was the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's Central . 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